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It has been almost 20 years since  DWDM  came on the scene with Ciena’s introduction of a 16 channel system in March of 1996, and in the last two decades it has revolutionized the transmission of information over long distances.  DWDM is so ubiquitous that we often forget that there was a time when it did not exist and when accessing information from the other side of the globe was expensive and slow.  Now we think nothing of downloading a movie or placing an IP call across oceans and continents.  Current systems typically have 96 channels  per optical fiber , each of which can run at 100Gbps, compared to the 2.5Gbps per channel in the initial systems.  All of this got me thinking about how it often takes two innovations coupled together to make a revolution.  Personal computers did not revolutionize office life until they were coupled with laser printers.  Similarly, the benefits of DWDM were enormous because of erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). DWDM stands for Dense Wavelengt

DEFINITION dense wavelength division multiplexing ( DWDM )   Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts data from different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 (and theoretically more) separate wavelengths or channels of data can be multiplexed into a lightstream transmitted on a single optical fiber.   Each channel carries a wave division multiplexed (WDM) signal. WDM is a method of combining multiple signals on laser beams at various infared (IR)  wavelengths for transmission along fiber optic media. In a system with each channel carrying 2.5 Gbps (billion bits per second), up to 200 billion bits can be delivered a second by the optical fiber.   Since each channel is demultiplexed at the end of the transmission back into the original source, different data formats being transmitted at different data rates can be transmitted together. Speci

Fiber to the x (FTTx) is a collective term for various optical fiber delivery topologies that are categorized according to where the fiber terminates.   Optical fiber is already used for long-distance parts of the network, but metal cabling has traditionally been used for the stretches from the telecom facilities to the customer.  FTTx  deployments cover varying amounts of that last distance.   In an FTTN (fiber to the node or fiber to the neighbourhood) deployment, the optical fiber terminates in a cabinet which may be as much as a few miles from the customer premises. The cabling from the street cabinet to customer premises is usually copper.     In an FTTC (fiber to the curb or fiber to the cabinet) deployment, optical cabling usually terminates within 300 yards of the customer premises.     In an FTTB (fiber to the building or fiber to the basement) deployment, optical cabling terminates at the building, which is typically multi-unit. Delivery of service to ind

They each utilize 4 twisted pairs in a common jacket. They use the same style RJ-45 jacks and plugs. And, they are each limited to a cable length of 100 meters including the length of the patch cables on either end of the link. The parts are interchangeable, so you can use a Cat5e patch cable with Cat6 house cabling. Your system will just perform at the level of the lowest link, in this case the Cat5e patch cable.   So what’s the difference?   Better transmission performance. With each upgrade in cable, there is less signal loss, less cross talk, and more bandwidth. And of course, more cost. So the important question is: What exactly am I getting for my money? Rather than talk about near-end-cross-talk requirements or SNR ratios, let’s talk about what each cable delivers in terms of Ethernet performance.   Cat5e:   Gigabit Ethernet up to 100 meters   10 Gigabit Ethernet up to 45 meters   Cat6:    Gigabit Ethernet up to 100 meters   10 Gigabit Ethernet up to 55 meters

Visual Inspection Of Connectors With A Microscope   Visual inspection of the end surface of connector ferrules with a microscope is used for finding dirt or scratches on fiber optic connectors and inspecting polish-type connectors during the termination process to find possible defects. This requires a microscope which has a fixture to hold the connector in the field of view and a light source to illuminate it properly. Fiber optic inspection microscopes vary in magnification from 30 to 800 power, with 100-200 power being the most widely used range. Some microscopes also can inspect cleaved fibers which are usually viewed from the side, to see breakover and lip.   Fiber Optic Inspection Microscopes Fiber optic microscopes  come in many varieties starting with simple inexpensive portable microscopes generally made by modifying simple optical microscopes to hold the connector being inspected.  Special designs for fiber optics will have more sophisticated optics, several illumi

The network cabling industry’s fiber optic manufacturers over the last few decades have been on a constant mission to develop the better fiber connector. This means lower cost, lower dB losses, easier to terminate out in the field. There have been over 100 connectors developed over the years but a select few have stood the test of time and beat out their competition. Below we will talk about the most common.   A  fiber optic connector  terminates at the end of a fiber optic cable and is used when you need a means to connect and disconnect the fiber cable quickly. A fiber splice would be used in a more permanent application. The connectors provide a mechanical connection for the two fiber cables and align both cores precisely so the light can pass through with little loss. There are many different types of connectors but many share similar characteristics. Many connectors are spring loaded. This will push the fiber ends very close to each other so as to eliminate airspace between t

About the Cummins 4BT engine    Published by http://www.hubeijuly.com Series B is a series of four-cycle diesel engines with four or six cylinders of "one litter per cylinder" capacity, which Cummins has developed for use in automotive, agriculture, power generation and marine applications. They developed the 4BT engine series as a way to promote the heavy duty work of these engines.    About the 4BT series    4BT is a 4-cylinder version of the first generation B series engine. It is mostly used in light trucks such as BMC Faith 110.08 (110 HG) and in American type large panel cars.   These 4BT engines were used a lot in a variety of different ways. The first and most popular vehicles that these engines were used for were light vans. Other similar light commercial vehicles also were fitted with the Cummins 4BT engine as well. This is because the low cost, ease of upkeep and relatively low fuel usage of these engines made them great for smaller cars and ot

4BT Cummins Parts and Accessories One of the coolest engines ever produced is the 4BT Cummins, in all of its variations. You may be wondering why we would be touting a teeny 3.9L, four cylinder engine as one of the coolest engines? Well that’s simple. This little diesel can be swapped into numerous vehicles that simply don’t have the sheer engine bay space for any of the traditional larger engines, let alone the weight. Further, the earlier mechanically controlled engines could be modified to produce impressive horsepower numbers, while still achieving over 40 miles per gallon. In one of our in-house builds, we took a 2009 Jeep JK four door and slapped a 4BT in it, along with a host of other off road oriented upgrades and made one of the coolest JK’s on the planet (at least we think so). That Jeep took us all over the country on some of the toughest trails you can imagine, and still served as a vehicle that could easily be daily driven, turning heads everywhere it went. It's har

The S178A is the successor to the best selling S177A. The S178A has a more rugged, compact and lighter body compared to the previous model with vastly improved splicing & heating time.   Using the same rugged metal body of S178A, FEC will also launch another new Fusion Splicer in February 2010.   The S153A.   The S153A is a new concept machine which uses an 揂ctive clad alignment?function, which achieves lower splicing loss with less user skills required compared to a conventional Fixed V-groove Clad Alignment Fusion Splicer.   These two machines are both designed to endure harsh operating conditions by improving shock / impact resistance with rubber pads embedded on 4 corners of the splicer body. Both fusion splicers also achieve water resistance compliant to IPX2 and dust resistance compliant to IP5X.   Another key feature of the S178A and the S153A is the significantly reduced operation time. Protection sleeve shrink time is mere 25 seconds, while splicing re

We use fiber optic splitter to distribute or combine optical signals in many applications, we have one question:Shall I use PLC or Fused Coupler ?     When we do comparison, we need to do comparison for devices of the same split-ratio.      Insertion loss and uniformity vs. wavelength    The figure 1 shows the insertion loss plot of a standard 1×8 PLC splitter from 1250 to 1650 nm. You can observe the maximum insertion loss including the water-peak in E band region(1360 to 1460 nm) and also the excellent uniformity out of this plot.   Typical value is 9.8dB for insertion loss and 0.5dB for uniformity.    A 1×2 fused coupler insertion loss plot is showed in the figure 2.if you analyze the operating wavelength range from 1250 to 1650 nm as for PLC splitter you will still find an overall good performance level. But that’s a single 1×2 fused coupler, so you are not comparing the same devices.    The 3rd plot represents the insertion loss spectral behavior for

When you install and terminate fiber optic cables, you always have to test them. A test should be conducted for each fiber optic cable plant for three main areas: continuity, loss, and power. And optical power meters are part of the toolbox essentials to do this. There are general-purpose power meters, semi-automated ones, as well as power meters optimized for certain types of networks, such as FTTx or LAN/WAN architectures. It’s all a matter of choosing the right gear for the need. Here is a quick guide to fiber optic power meters and how they work.   Optical power meters  are commonly used to measure absolute light power in dBm. For dBm measurement of light transmission power, proper calibration is essential. A fiber optic power meter is also used with an optical light source for measuring loss or relative power level in dB. To calculate the power loss, optic power meter is first connected directly to an optical transmission device through a fiber optic pigtail, and the signal

Introduction of Fiber Optic Patch Cable Fiber optic patch cable, also called fiber optic patch cord or fiber patch cord, is one of the most basic and important parts in optical communication. Fiber optic patch cable is generally used for linking the equipment and components in the fiber optic network, eg. linking between the fiber optic converter and termination box. At the ends of fiber optic patch cable, there are fiber optic connectors. In general, the fiber optic patch cable types are classified by the fiber optic connector types. The commonly used fiber optic patch cable types include SC fiber patch cord, ST fiber optic patch cord, LC fiber optic patch cord, FC fiber optic patch cord etc. In addition, if fiber optic patch cable has the same type of connector on both ends, we call it the same connector type fiber patch cable, otherwise, it is called hybrid fiber optic patch cables. According to its fiber cable mode or fiber cable structure, fiber optic patch cable can be divided

The fiber-mart’s Basic fiber optic tool kits provide you with dozens of basic tools that are essential for fiber optic termination, construction, splicing, polishing and testing. The kit includes strippers, cable slitters and other precision hand tools, consumable products, and much more. All of the contents are packed in a durable case, keeping the items you need within easy reach. For example, the fiber optic termination tool kit provided by fiber-mart. The traditional Erpoxy and Polish Connector Termination Tool Kit: This type of kit sometimes is also called universal connectorization epoxy tool kit. They include all the tools necessary for hand-polishing termination of epoxy optic connectors such as FC, SC, ST, LC, etc. The following list shows all essentials tools that should be included. a. Fiber cable jacket stripper to remove outer jacket from optical cables; b. Fiber stripper to remove fiber coatings (900um tight buffer or 250um UV coating layer) to expose the bare fi

During fiber optic network installation, maintenance or restoration, it is also often necessary to identify a specific fiber without disrupting live service. This battery powered instrument looks like a long handheld bar is called fiber optic identifier or live fiber identifier.   Optical fiber identifier  employs safe and reliable macro bending technology to avoid disruption of network communications that would normally be caused by disconnecting or cutting a fiber optic cable for identification and testing. The fiber optic identifier is intended for engineers and technicians to identify dark or live fiber and excessive losses due to the misalignment of mechanical splices or poor connections.   There is a slot on the top of fiber identifier. The fiber under test is inserted into the slot, then the fiber identifier performs a macro-bend on the fiber. The macro-bend makes some light leak out from the fiber and the optical sensor detects it. The detector can detect both the pres

As the demands for voice, video and data networks are increasing dramatically, more bandwidth and higher transmission speed over long distances are needed. To meet these demands, it means that service providers should depend on more fiber optics which definitely cause more costs for optical devices. But they apply Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technologies which is a cost-effective way to increase capacity on the existing fiber infrastructure.   CWDM Technology WDM technology multiplexes multiple optical signals onto a single fiber by suing different wavelengths, or colors, of light. WDM can expand the network capacity using existing fiber infrastructure in an economical way. It includes CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing).   CWDM is a technology multiplexing 16 channels onto one single fiber between the wavelengths from 1270 nm to 1610 nm. It’s designed for city and access network. Since the channel spaci